This section explains the instruction set supported by the CC-RH.
(1) | Description of symbols |
Next table lists the meanings of the symbols used further.
Table 5.20 | Meaning of Symbols |
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CMD
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Instruction
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CMDi
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Instruction(addi, mulhi, satsubi, andi, ori, xori)
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reg, reg1, reg2
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Register
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r0, R0
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Zero register
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R1
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Assembler-reserved register
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gp
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Global pointer (r4)
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ep
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Element pointer (r30)
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[reg]
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Base register
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disp
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Displacement (Displacement from the address)
32 bits unless otherwise stated.
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dispn
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n-bit displacement
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imm
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Immediate
32 bits unless otherwise stated.
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immn
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n-bit immediate
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bit#3
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3-bit data for bit number specification
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cc#3
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3-bit data for specifying CC0 to CC7 (bits 24 to 31) of the FPSR floating-point system register
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#label
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Absolute address reference of label
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label
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Offset reference of label in section or PC offset reference
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$label
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gp offset reference of label
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!label
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Absolute address reference of label (without instruction expansion)
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%label
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ep offset reference of label (without instruction expansion)
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HIGHW(value)
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Higher 16 bits of value
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LOWW(value)
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Lower 16 bits of value
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HIGHW1(value)
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Higher 16 bits of value + bit valueNote of bit number 15 of value
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HIGH(value)
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Upper 8 bits of the lower 16 bits of value
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LOW(value)
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Lower 8 bits of value
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addr
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Address
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PC
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Program counter
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PSW
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Program status word
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regID
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System register number (0 to 31)
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selID
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Group number (0 to 31)
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Note | The bit number 0 is LSB (Least Significant Bit). |
This section describes the description format of operand in assembler. In assembler, register, constant, symbol, label reference, and expression that composes of constant, symbol, label reference, operator and parentheses can be specified as the operands for instruction, and directives.
The registers that can be specified with the assembler are listed below.Note
r0, zero, r1, r2, hp, r3, sp, r4, gp, r5, tp, r6, r7, r8, r9, r10, r11, r12, r13, r14, r15, r16, r17, r18, r19, r20, r21, r22, r23, r24, r25, r26, r27, r28, r29, r30, ep, r31, lp
Note | For the ldsr and stsr instructions, the PSW, and system registers are specified by using the numbers. Further, in assembler, PC cannot be specified as an operand. |
r0 and zero (Zero register), r2 and hp (Handler stack pointer), r3 and sp (Stack pointer), r4 and gp (Global pointer), r5 and tp (Text pointer), r30 and ep (Element pointer), r31 and lp (Link pointer) shows the same register.
r0 is the register which normally contains 0 value. This register does not substitute the result of an operation even if used as a destination register. Note that if machine instructions prohibit r0 from being specified as an operand, the assembler outputs the following message and stops assembling.
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mov 0x10, r0
↓
E0550240 : Illegal operand (cannot use r0 as destination in RH850 mode).
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The assembler-reserved register (r1) is used as a temporary register when instruction expansion is performed using the assembler. If r1 is specified as a source or destination register, the assembler outputs the following messageNote, then continues assembling.
Note | Output of this message can be suppressed by specifying the warning message suppression option (-Xno_warning) upon starting the assembler. |
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mov 0x10, r1
↓
W0550013: r1 used as destination register.
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The following instructions use r1 for instruction expansion:
ld.b, ld.h, ld.w, ld.bu, ld.hu, st.b, st.h, st.w, add, sddi, sub, subr, mulh, mulhi, mul, mulu, divh, div, divhu, divu, cmp, movea, cmov, satadd, satsub, satsubi, satsubr, or, ori, xor, xori, and, andi, not, tst, set1, clr1, not1, tst1, prepare, dispose
As the constituents of the absolute expressions or relative expressions that can be used to specify the operands of the instructions and pseudo-instruction in the assembler, integer constants and character constants can be used.
Floating-point constants can be used to specify the operand of the .float and .double pseudo-instruction.
The assembler supports the use of symbols as the constituents of the absolute expressions or relative expressions that can be used to specify the operands of instructions and directives.
In assembler, label reference can be used as a component of available relative value as shown in operand designation of instruction/directive.
- | Memory reference instruction (Load/store instruction, and bit manipulation instruction) |
- | Operation instruction (arithmetic operation instruction, saturated operation instruction, logical operation instruction) |
- | Area reservation directive |
In assembler, the meaning of a label reference varies with the reference method and the differences used in the instructions/directives. Details are shown below.
Table 5.21 | Label Reference |
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#label
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Memory reference instruction, operation instruction and jmp instruction
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The absolute address of the position at which the definition of label (label) exists (Offset from address 0Note 1).
This has a 32-bit address and must be expanded into two instructions except ld23, st23, mov and jmp instruction.
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Area reservation directive
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The absolute address of the position at which the definition of label (label) exists (Offset from address 0Note 1).
Note that the 32-bit address is a value masked in accordance with the size of the area secured.
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!label
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Memory reference instruction, operation instruction
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The absolute address of the position at which the definition of label (label) exists (Offset from address 0 Note 1).
This has a 16-bit address and cannot expand instructions if instructions with 16-bit displacement or immediate are specified.
If any other instructions are specified, expansion into appropriate one instruction is possible.
If the address defined by label (label) is not within a range expressible by 16 bits, an error will occur at the link time.
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Area reservation directive
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The absolute address of the position at which the definition of label (label) exists (Offset from address 0 Note 1).
Note that the 32-bit address is a value masked in accordance with the size of the area secured.
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label
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Memory reference instruction, operation instruction
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The offset in the section of the position where definition of the label (label) exists (offset from the initial address of the section where the definition of label (label) existsNote 2).
This has a 32-bit offset and must be expanded into two instructions except ld23, st23 or mov instruction.
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Branch instruction except jmp instruction
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The PC offset at the position where definition of label (label) exists (offset from the initial address of the instruction using the reference of label (label)).
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Area reservation directive
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The offset in the section of the position where definition of the label (label) exists (offset from the initial address of the section where the definition of label (label) existsNote 2).
Note that the 32-bit offset is a value masked in accordance with the size of the area secured.
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%label
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Memory reference instruction, operation instruction
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This has a 16-bit offset and cannot expand instructions if instructions with 16-bit displacement or immediate are specified.
If any other instructions are specified, expansion into appropriate one instruction is possible.
If the address defined by label (label) is not within a range expressible by 16 bits, an error will occur at the link time.
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Area reservation directive
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The ep offset at the position where definition of the label (label) exists (offset from the address showing the element pointer).
Note that the 32-bit offset is a value masked in accordance with the size of the area secured.
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$label
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Memory reference instruction, operation instruction
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The gp offset at the position where definition of the label (label) exists (offset from the address showing the global pointer).
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Note 1. | The offset from address 0 in object module file after link. |
Note 2. | The offset from the first address of the section (output section) in which the definition of label (label) exists is allocated in the linked object module file. |
The meanings of label references for memory reference instructions, operation instructions, branch instructions, and area allocation pseudo-instruction are shown below.
Table 5.22 | Memory Reference Instruction |
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#label[reg]
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The absolute address of label (label) is treated as a displacement.
This has a 32-bit value and must be expanded into two instructions except ld23 or st23 instruction. By setting #label[r0], reference by an absolute address can be specified.
Part of [reg] can be omitted. If omitted, the assembler assumes that [r0] has been specified.
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label[reg]
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The offset in the section of label (label) is treated as a displacement.
This has a 32-bit value and must be expanded into two instructions except ld23 or st23 instruction. By specifying a register indicating the first address of section as reg and thereby setting label[reg], general register relative reference can be specified.
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$label[reg]
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The gp offset of label (label) is treated as a displacement.
This has either a 32-bit or 16-bit value, from the section defined by label (label), and pattern of instruction expansion changes accordingly Note. If an instruction with a 16-bit value is expanded and the offset calculated from the address defined by label (label) is not within a range that can be expressed in 16 bits, an error is output at the link time. By setting $label [gp], relative reference of the gp register (called a gp offset reference) can be specified. Part of [reg] can be omitted. If omitted, the assembler assumes that [gp] has been specified.
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!label[reg]
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The absolute address of label (label) is treated as a displacement.
This has a 16-bit value and instruction is not expanded. If the address defined by label (label) cannot be expressed in 16 bits, an error is output at the link time. By setting !lable[r0], reference by an absolute address can be specified.
Part of [reg] can be omitted. If omitted, the assembler assumes that [r0] has been specified.
However, unlike #label[reg] reference, instruction expansion is not executed.
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%label[reg]
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The offset from the ep symbol in the position where definition of the label (label) exists is treated as a displacement.
This either has a 16-bit value, or depending on the instruction a value lower than this, and if it is not a value that can be expressed within this range, an error is output at the link time.
Part of [reg] can be omitted. If omitted, the assembler assumes that [ep] has been specified.
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Table 5.23 | Operation Instructions |
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#label
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The absolute address of label (label) is treated as an immediate.
This has a 32-bit value and must be expanded into two instructions.
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label
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The offset in the section of label (label) is treated as an immediate.
This has a 32-bit value and must be expanded into two instructions.
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$label
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The gp offset of label (label) is treated as an immediate.
This either has a 32-bit or 16-bit value, from the section defined by label (label), and pattern of instruction changes accordingly Note 1. If an instruction with a 16-bit value is expanded and the offset calculated from the address defined by label (label) is not within a range that can be expressed in 16 bits, an error is output at the link time.
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!label
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The absolute address of label (label) is treated as an immediate.
This has a 16-bit value. If operation instruction for which a 16-bit value can be specify as an immediate are specified, and instruction is not expanded. If the value is not within a range that can be expressed in 16 bits, an error is output at the link time.
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%label
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The offset from the ep symbol in the position where definition of the label (label) exists is treated as an immediate.
This has a 16-bit value. If operation instruction for which a 16-bit value can be specify as an immediate are specified, and instruction is not expanded. If the value is not within a range that can be expressed in 16 bits, an error is output at the link time.
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Table 5.24 | Branch Instructions |
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#label
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In jmp instruction, the absolute address of label (label) is treated as a jump destination address.
This has a 32-bit value and must be expanded into two instructions.
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label
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In branch instructions other than the jmp instruction, PC offset of the label (label) is treated as a displacement.
This has a 22-bit value, and if it is not within a range that can be expressed in 22 bits, an error is output at the link time.
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Table 5.25 | Area Reservation Directives |
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#label
!label
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In .db4/.db2/.db directive, the absolute address of the label (label) is treated as a value.
This has a 32-bit value, but is masked in accordance with the bit width of each directive.
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label
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In .db4/.db2/.db directive, the offset in the section defined by label (label) is treated as a value.
This has a 32-bit value, but is masked in accordance with the bit width of each directive.
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%label
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The .db4, .db2, and .db directives treat the ep offset of label label as a value.
This has a 32-bit value, but is masked in accordance with the bit width of each directive.
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$label
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The .db4, .db2, and .db directives treat the gp offset of label label as a value.
This has a 32-bit value, but is masked in accordance with the bit width of each directive.
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This section describes the ep offset reference. The CC-RH assumes that data explicitly stored in the sections with the following relocation attribute is shown below.
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Reference through the offset from address indicated by the element pointer (ep).
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- | TDATA/TDATA4/TBSS4/TDATA5/TBSS5/TDATA7/TBSS7/TDATA8/TBSS8 section (Data is referred by memory reference instructions (sld/sst) of a small code size) |
- | EDATA/EBSS section (Data is referred by memory reference instructions (ld/st) of a large code size) |
- | EDATA23/EBSS23 section (Data is referred by memory reference instructions (ld23/st23) of a large code size) |
Figure 5.2 | Memory Location Image for ep Offset Reference Section |
In ep offset reference section, data is allocated to the sections as follows:
- | When developing a program in C |
Allocate data by specifying the section attribute string starting with "ep_" in the "#pragma section" instruction.
- | When developing a program in assembly language |
Data is allocated to the section of tdata, tdata4, tbss4, tdata5, tbss5, tdata7, tbss7, tdata8, tbss8, edata, ebss, edata23, or ebss23 relocation attribute sections by the section definition directives.
In cases where a reference via %label is made, the assembler generates a sequence of machine-language instructions to perform reference to the data at the corresponding ep offset.
.dseg EDATA
sdata: .db2 0xFFF0
.dseg DATA
data: .db2 0xFFF0
.cseg TEXT
ld.h %sdata, r20 ; (1)
ld.h %data, r20 ; (2)
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The assembler generates machine-language instructions that treat references via %label as ep-offset references in the cases of both (1) and (2).
The assembler assumes that the section in which the data is located is correct. As a result, it will not detect errors in data placement.
This section describes the gp offset reference. The CC-RH assumes that data stored in the sections with the following relocation attribute is basically shown below.
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Referred by the offset from the address indicated by global pointer (gp).
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- | SDATA/SBSS section (Data is referred by memory reference instructions (ld/st) of a large code size) |
- | SDATA23/SBSS23 section (Data is referred by memory reference instructions (ld23/st23) of a large code size) |
If r0-relative memory allocation for internal ROM or RAM is not done with the "#pragma section" command of C, or an assembly language section definition directive, all data is subject to gp offset reference.
Figure 5.3 | Memory Location Image for gp Offset Reference Section |
Remark | The sum of sdata- and sbss-attribute sections is 64 KB. gp is the center of the sdata section and sbss section. |
In gp offset reference section, data is allocated to the sections as follows:
Explicitly allocate data that will be frequently referred to the sdata/sbss/sdata23/sbss23 sections. For allocation, use a section definition directive when using the assembly language, or the #pragma section command when using C.
- | If the data has a definition in a specified file. |
- | If the data is to be allocated to the sdata or sbss sectionNote. |
Generates a machine instruction that performs reference by using a16-bit displacement.
- | If the data is not allocated to the sdata or sbss section. |
Generates a machine instruction string that performs reference by using a 32-bit displacement.
- | If the data does not have a definition in a specified file. |
Assumes that the data is to be allocated to the sdata or sbss section (the label referenced by gp offset has a definition in the sdata/sbss section) and generates a machine instruction that performs reference by using a 16-bit displacement.
(i) | About HIGH/LOW/HIGHW/LOWW/HIGHW1 |
<1> | To refer memory by using 32-bit displacement |
The assembler performs instruction expansion to refer the memory by using a 32-bit displacement, and generates an instruction string that performs the reference, by using the movhi and memory reference instructions and thereby constituting a 32-bit displacement from the higher 16 bits and lower 16 bits of the 32-bit displacement.
ld.w 0x18000[r11], r12
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movhi HIGHW1(0x18000), r11, r1
ld.w LOWW(0x18000)[r1], r12
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At this time, the memory reference instruction of machine instructions that uses the lower 16 bits as a displacement sign-extends the specified 16-bit displacement to a 32-bit value. To adjust the sign-extended bits, the assembler does not merely configure the displacement of the higher 16 bits by using the movhi instruction, instead it configures the following displacement.
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Higher 16 bits + the most significant bit (bit of bit number 15) of the lower 16 bits
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<2> | HIGHW/LOWW/HIGHW1/HIGH/LOW |
In the next table, the assembler can specify the higher 16 bits of a 32-bit value, the lower 16 bits of a 32-bit value, the value of the higher 16 bits + bit 15 of a 32-bit value, the higher 8 bits of a 16-bit value, and the lower 8 bits of a 16-bit value by using HIGHW, LOWW, HIGHW, HIGH, and LOW.Note
Note | If this information cannot be internally resolved by the assembler, it is reflected in the relocation information and subsequently resolved by the link editor. |
Table 5.26 | Area Reservation Directives |
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HIGHW (value)
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Higher 16 bits of value
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LOWW (value)
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Lower 16 bits of value
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HIGHW1 (value)
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Higher 16 bits of value + bit value of bit number 15 of value
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HIGH (value)
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Upper 8 bits of the lower 16 bits of value
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LOW (value)
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Lower 8 bits of value
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.dseg DATA
L1:
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.cseg TEXT
movhi HIGHW ($L1), r0, r10 ; Stores the higher 16 bits of the gp
; offset value of L1 in the higher 16
; bits of r10, and the lower 16 bits to 0
movea LOWW ($L1), r0, r10 ; Sign-extends the lower 16 bits of the gp
; offset of L1 and stores to r10
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